Revisiting the 1956 States Reorganisation and India’s Unity
This experience underscores a persistent challenge in independent India: linguistic alienation.
In retrospect, it can be claimed that this issue stems from a crucial decision in 1956, when Pandit Nehru’s government, responding to political pressures, reorganized states primarily along linguistic lines—a choice that has fueled division despite its intent to unify.
India’s celebrated “unity in diversity” often masks the struggles of linguistic diversity. Even 75 years after independence, the absence of a consensus on a ‘national language’ has allowed regional linguistic movements to deepen social divides and fuel political tensions in many states.
The States Reorganisation Commission (SRC), established in 1953, initially explored organizing states based on geography, resources, and administrative efficiency. However, intense public and political demands, such as the Andhra movement for Telugu speakers and the Samyukta Maharashtra agitation, led Nehru’s government to prioritize linguistic identity in the 1956 States Reorganisation Act.
Prominent thinkers like Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Sardar K.M. Panikkar, Acharya Kripalani, Kaka Kalelkar, and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia cautioned that linguistic states could fragment national unity. Their warnings were largely overlooked, setting the stage for ongoing challenges.
The consequences of this decision are evident:
In 1965, anti-Hindi protests in Tamil Nadu turned violent, with dozens of deaths, including a few cases of self-immolation, as Tamils resisted the perceived imposition of Hindi as the sole official language. The Karnataka Maharashtra border dispute over Belagavi, a Marathi-speaking city assigned to Karnataka, remains unresolved, with tensions persisting as of 2025.The Assam Movement (1979–1985) and Assamese–Bengali conflicts led to significant violence, including the 1983 Nellie Massacre, which killed over 2,000 people, and displaced hundreds of thousands.
The Punjabi Suba movement, which achieved a Punjabi-speaking state in 1966, contributed indirectly to later tensions, though the Khalistan movement of the 1980s was driven more by religious and political grievances than language alone.
Linguistic disputes continue to shape contemporary India. Competitive exams like NEET and UPSC face allegations of language-based inequality, particularly in Tamil Nadu. The three-language formula, promoting Hindi, English, and a regional language, is criticized in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka as “linguistic imperialism.”
In Bengaluru, incidents like the 2017 removal of Hindi signboards highlight local resistance. In Nagaland and Manipur, demands for recognition of local languages create friction with the central government.
Other nations offer alternative models. Switzerland, with four official languages, organizes its cantons based on geography and history, not language. Singapore recognizes four languages but uses English for governance, proving that cultural identity can thrive without linguistic divisions.
In contrast, India’s linguistic states have often turned language into a tool for political mobilization.
Today, India’s 28 states and 8 union territories face ongoing demands for new states, often tied to linguistic or cultural identities.
Digital connectivity and AI translation tools, like India’s Bhashini platform, have reduced communication barriers, suggesting that linguistic divides need not dictate administrative boundaries. This technological shift prompts a reevaluation of how states are organized.
I propose a new State Reorganisation Commission to recommend state boundaries based on population, geography, and resources, rather than language. Regional languages should be celebrated in cultural and social spheres but not define governance or politics.
While the 1956 reorganization aimed to accommodate linguistic diversity, it has, in some cases, entrenched division.
A new approach could prioritize administrative efficiency and national cohesion, ensuring language remains a source of pride rather than conflict. By rethinking state boundaries, India can strengthen its “unity in diversity,” transforming language into a cultural asset rather than a wedge driving division.
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